Back country water safety advice from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

In the great outdoors, ensuring the safety of your drinking water is crucial. The effectiveness of water treatment methods varies depending on the targeted contaminants and the specific technology employed. Here, we break down the key features and benefits of various water treatment methods for backcountry and travel use.

Filtration Systems

Filtration systems with 0.2-micron or smaller pore sizes, such as hollow fiber membranes, are highly effective at removing protozoa, including Cryptosporidium and Giardia, as well as bacteria. However, they generally do not remove viruses due to their smaller size. Filters like the Peak Straw remove 99.999999% of bacteria and 99.999% of parasites, while multi-stage filters, such as the PortaWell Mini, effectively remove bacteria and protozoa and can optionally remove viruses if equipped with a final virus-specific filter stage.

Chemical Treatments and Boiling

Chemical treatments (e.g., chlorine or iodine tablets) and boiling water are effective at inactivating viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. Boiling water for at least 1 minute (3 minutes at altitudes over 6,500 feet) kills all major pathogens, including Cryptosporidium, Giardia, bacteria, and viruses.

UV Purifiers

UV purifiers, like Steripen devices, can kill all bacteria, viruses, and protozoa efficiently but require batteries and relatively clear water for optimal performance.

Pump Filters

Pump filters, such as the Katadyn Hiker, use ceramic or membrane elements that trap bacteria and protozoa and produce water quickly. However, they typically do not remove viruses unless combined with additional treatment steps.

Bottle Press Purifiers

Bottle press purifiers, like the Grayl Geopress, use cartridge technologies designed to kill 99.9999% of bacteria and 99.99% of protozoa and viruses, making them highly reliable for travel when a broad spectrum removal is needed.

Selecting the Best Method

For backcountry use where viruses are less commonly a risk, high-quality filtration targeting protozoa and bacteria is sufficient and fastest. For travel where virus contamination is more likely, combined methods like filtration plus chemical disinfection, boiling, UV purification, or specialized purifiers like Grayl Geopress ensure comprehensive pathogen removal. The choice depends on factors including water source, weight, ease of use, and speed.

Good Hygiene Practices

In addition to using appropriate drinking water treatment methods, good sanitation practices include burying human waste 8 inches deep and at least 200 feet away from natural waters. Avoiding waterborne illness in the backcountry or while traveling also involves practicing good personal hygiene, such as washing hands before handling food, eating, and after using the toilet.

Notes and Cautions

Manufacturer's instructions must be followed for both UV Light and MIOX® systems.
Water that has been disinfected with iodine is not recommended for pregnant women, people with thyroid problems, those with known hypersensitivity to iodine, or for continuous use for more than a few weeks at a time.
Ultraviolet Light (UV Light) is a pathogen reduction method effective against some microorganisms, but requires effective prefiltering, correct power delivery, and contact times for maximum pathogen reduction.
MIOX® systems use a salt solution to create mixed oxidants, primarily chlorine, which has a low to moderate effectiveness in killing Giardia and a high effectiveness in killing bacteria and viruses.
Water that has been disinfected with iodine is not recommended for pregnant women, people with thyroid problems, those with known hypersensitivity to iodine, or for continuous use for more than a few weeks at a time.
UV Light might be effective in pathogen reduction in backcountry water, but lacks independent testing data on specific systems.

Various family members may find different water treatment methods more suitable for their needs, depending on factors such as weight, ease of use, and speed.
Climate change and environmental science studies highlight the significance of maintaining clean water sources for not just humans, but also wildlife and ecosystems.
Sleep is critical for overall health and wellness, but improper digestive health can disrupt one's rest, leading to weight management issues and chronic diseases.
In the workplace, embracing workplace-wellness programs can help employees manage their mental health, preventing conditions like anxiety and depression.
Medical conditions such as neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's require proper nutrition and therapy to manage symptoms and slow aging.
Cancers can be caused by various genetic and environmental factors, necessitating regular medical check-ups and early detection strategies.
Respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD can be exacerbated by exposure to air pollution caused by industrial activities.
Eye health is serious, and regular eye exams are essential in detecting and managing conditions like glaucoma and cataracts.
Hearing loss is a common issue with aging, but proper care and regular check-ups can help manage it.
Therapies and treatments for autoimmune disorders like lupus require a collaborative effort between the individual, their healthcare providers, and family members for effective management.
Climate change can impact the health and wellness of both men and women differently, with regionally specific consequences that necessitate targeted solutions.
Skin care is an essential aspect of women's health, with proper cleansing, moisturizing, and sun protection helping to prevent skin conditions and aging.
Environmentally-friendly products like CBD oil derived from hemp are gaining popularity as an alternative approach for managing chronic pain and mental health issues.
Good nutrition is vital for maintaining cardiovascular health, as a diet low in saturated fats and rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins is recommended.
Womens' health encompasses various aspects, including sexual health, and regular screenings and check-ups can help detect and manage issues early.
Parenting is a challenging yet rewarding endeavor, with mental health and family dynamics being critical factors to consider when raising children.
In the realm of fitness and exercise, personal trainers can offer tailored advice and workouts to help individuals overcome chronic diseases and manage their weight.
Aging brings about a myriad of changes in the body, with proper medical care and attention to digestive health being crucial in maintaining overall health.
Maintaining eye health can help older adults stay independent and active in their daily lives, reducing the risk of falls and accidents.
Hearing aids have come a long way in recent years, making it easier for older adults with hearing loss to stay connected and engaged in their communities.
Technological advancements have led to numerous therapies and treatments for various health conditions, from neurological disorders to mental health issues.
Investing in yourself, through education, self-improvement books, and skill development, is essential for long-term personal and professional growth.
Healthcare finance can be complex, but understanding Medicare, health insurance, and personal-finance concepts is crucial for managing medical conditions and costs.
In the area of space and astronautics, understanding and managing eye, health, and cardiovascular factors becomes significant for long-term space travel.
Mental health is an essential aspect of individual and familial well-being, and therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy can help individuals cope with stress, anxiety, and depression.
Aging comes with challenges, but lifestyle choices, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and proper skincare, can help mitigate some of those challenges.
Fashion and beauty can have a significant impact on self-esteem and mental health, with mental health professionals advocating for a more diverse and inclusive approach to body image.
In today's digital age, managing data and ensuring cloud computing security is crucial for both personal and business purposes, as cybersecurity threats are becoming increasingly common.
Maintaining good mental health is essential for strong relationships, both romantic and platonic, and open and honest communication is key to fostering healthy relationships.